Changes with version 24.11.14: Slide 172 G --> \mathcal G (calligraphic G, to differentiate from gain rate G) Slide 177 q --> m_z Changes with version 25.11.14: Slide 183 Directional coupler, newly inserted Slide 187 Previous schematic of IQ-modulator added Slide 201 FPGA-driven modulator, newly inserted Changes with version 26.11.14: Slide 106 Schrödinger equation: \psi_e(x) --> \psi_2(x), 2^{-j \omega_2 t} --> e^{-j \omega_2 t} Changes with version 27.11.14: Slide 237 df=(1/2T) --> df=1/(2T) Slide 257 Y_aus^(1) --> Y_out^(1) (2 times) Slide 262 P_{r qu} --> P_{r qu, x} (2 times) Changes with version 09.01.15 Slide 255 Avalable --> Available Changes with version 13.01.15: Slide 239 observation time 2T --> observation time T Changes with version 17.01.15: To better discriminate between probabilities p(x) and probability density functions w(x), and for avoiding confusion with standard statistical notation for conditional probabilities p(x|y) (probability that x occurs provided that y is known to be true), the following changes apply: Slide 239 w_N(N_P) --> p_N(N_P) (also text above) Slides 283-293 w(1r) --> p(1r), w(0r) --> p(0r), w(1r|0d) --> p(0d|1r), w(0r|1d) --> p(1d|0r), w_N(0) --> p_N(0) Changes with version 25.01.15: Slide 286 Definition of error function (Eq.(5.86) of compuscript) included. Slides 318-319 Formulae changed according to compuscript Changes with version 01.02.15: Slide 348 Noise figure of Optical Amplifiers (5) Eq.(6.8a), in all three sub-equations: gamma_{--} --> gamma_{--}^{(1)}, and remove eta. Changes with version 03.02.15: Slid 349 Friis' formula, F_{z3}/Gamma_{v2} --> F_{z3}/(Gamma_{v1}Gamma_{v2})